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2024 French legislative election

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2024 French legislative election
France
← 2022 30 June and 7 July 2024
All 577 seats in the National Assembly
289 seats needed for a majority
Party Leader Current seats
ENS
249
NFP Collective leadership 149
RN/UXD[a] Jordan Bardella 89
LR[a]
54
Incumbent Prime Minister
Gabriel Attal
Renaissance
Politics of France
Constitutions
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
Related topics

An early legislative election to elect the 577 members of the 17th National Assembly of the Fifth French Republic will be on 30 June and 7 July 2024. The elections will be held as a consequence of the dissolution of the National Assembly by President Emmanuel Macron, who decided to call a snap election in the aftermath of the 2024 European Parliament election in France in which his L'Europe Ensemble electoral list suffered a heavy defeat to that of the National Rally.[1]

The election features four main blocs:[2] Ensemble, the coalition of pro-Macron forces including Renaissance, the Democratic Movement, and Horizons; the New Popular Front, bringing together the main parties of the left, including La France Insoumise, the Socialist Party, The Ecologists, and the French Communist Party; the National Rally (RN), which also jointly supported several dozen candidates backed by Éric Ciotti of The Republicans (LR) in addition to its own candidates; and the vast majority of other LR candidates, who were supported by the national investiture committee of the party.

Background[edit]

Following the 2022 legislative election, Ensemble lost its absolute majority in the National Assembly. Among the member parties of the coalition was President Emmanuel Macron's party, Renaissance (formerly La République En Marche!) Meanwhile, the two main opposition blocs, the left-wing New Ecological and Social People's Union (NUPES) and far-right National Rally (RN) made significant gains in terms of seats. Despite that, no group won the absolute majority, resulting in a hung parliament for the first time since the 1988 election.[3] The lack of an absolute majority led to the repeated invocation of the controversial article 49.3 of the constitution in order to adopt legislation, with Élisabeth Borne doing so 23 times by December 2023.[4]

On 9 June 2024, shortly after 21:00 CEST, Macron dissolved the National Assembly and called snap elections in a national address following projections which indicated that the L'Europe Ensemble list would be significantly eclipsed by the RN in the European Parliament elections in France. In his address, he called the rise of nationalism by agitators a threat to France, Europe, and France's place in the world. He also warned that the far-right would bring about the "impoverishment of the French people and the downfall of our country." The first round of elections are scheduled for 30 June, and the second round will be held on 7 July.[5]

RN leader Jordan Bardella called the disparity a "stinging disavowal" of Macron, saying that the results marked "day 1 of the post-Macron era."[6] Marine Le Pen, president of the RN group in the National Assembly, and Jean-Luc Mélenchon, leader of La France Insoumise, celebrated the election results and welcomed the announcement of snap elections.[5]

The decision to hold an election came as a surprise to outside observers and was widely seen as being risky for the presidential majority of Emmanuel Macron, with some suggesting that Macron wished to force a decision between the RN and their opposition and other assessing that Macron intended to win a majority,[7][8] with Renaissance leader Stéphane Séjourné attempting to tempt moderate incumbents on both the left and right to join his alliance in comments made just after the dissolution was announced.[9]

Campaign[edit]

Timeline[edit]

The timeline for candidates to register for the first round of elections was from 12 June until 16 June, while the candidate registration deadline for the second round is 2 July.[10] The official campaign, during which audiovisual and electoral regulations must be respected, began on 17 June.[11]

The extremely short amount of time to prepare for the election posed significant logistical challenges, especially in overseas France, due to municipalities being required to cover the costs of organising the ballot by themselves in addition to the necessity of recruiting and training volunteers to run polling stations in relatively little time.[12]

For those registered on consular electoral lists, online voting for constituencies for French residents overseas runs from 25 June at 12:00 CEST to 27 June at 12:00 CEST for the first round, and from 3 July at 12:00 CEST to 4 July at 18:00 CEST for the second round. Many of those attempting to vote on 25 June reported that the voting website was unreachable due to high traffic.[13]

Protests[edit]

Main article: 2024 French protests against the far-right

On 9 June 2024, protests started immediately following European election results, where several hundred people demonstrated against the victory of the National Rally (RN) at Place de la République in Paris and called for a “union of the left” in the next legislative elections and several dozen people chanting anti-Jordan Bardella slogans in Lille.[14] Many labor unions, student groups, human rights groups, and political parties called for rallies in order to oppose the anti-immigration and Eurosceptic policies of National Rally, and to promote "progressive alternatives for the world of work".[15][16] Political parties that called for rallies included the Socialist Party, Communist Party, The Ecologists and La France Insoumise, while union groups calling for rallies included the French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT), the General Confederation of Labour (CGT), the Union of Autonomous Trade Unions, the Fédération Syndicale Unitaire, and the Solidaires, promoting the "largest possible" demonstrations.[16]

On 18 June, the CGT called for voters to support the left-of-centre New Popular Front alliance, marking the first time it ever issued specific voting instructions for a specific candidate or party.[17]

Parties and coalitions[edit]

New Popular Front[edit]

New Popular Front campaign poster

Leftist politician François Ruffin called on all left-wing parties, including the Greens, to form a "popular front" in order to avoid the "worst" outcome.[18] Calls for unity were also shared by Socialist Party (PS) leader Olivier Faure, Greens leader Marine Tondelier and French Communist Party (PCF) leader Fabien Roussel.[19] A letter of 350 intellectuals (including Esther Duflo and Annie Ernaux) calling for a union of left-wing forces was published in Le Monde on 10 June.[20] The New Popular Front was established on the same day, bringing together La France Insoumise (LFI), the PS, the Greens, the PCF, Place Publique, and various other political forces.[21] The coalition unveiled its campaign platform on 14 June, which included overturning Macron's immigration policy and pension reforms, continuing military aid to Ukraine and sending peacekeepers to secure Ukraine's nuclear power plants.[22] The NFP also announced budgetary proposals including a solidarity tax on wealth "with a climate component" and a 14% increase in the minimum wage.[23]

On 13 June, LFI, the PS, the Greens, and the PCF reached an agreement on how to allocate 546 constituencies (including metropolitan France and French voters living abroad) between candidates of their choice, obtaining 229, 175, 92, and 50 constituencies, respectively, with these seats divided among themselves and allied forces.[24][25] After outcry from other members of the alliance, Adrien Quatennens, previously convicted of domestic violence, withdrew his candidacy in Nord's 1st constituency on 16 June.[26] Several incumbent LFI deputies critical of leader Mélenchon – Alexis Corbière, Raquel Garrido, Hendrik Davi, and Danielle Simonnet – were not renominated in their constituencies under the banner of the New Popular Front, a decision critiqued both by their supporters and other party leaders within the alliance. Nevertheless, the four candidates maintained their candidacies against LFI opponents in their constituencies. Frédéric Mathieu, another Mélenchon critic within LFI, was also not renominated and opted not to run for re-election.[27]

Opponents of the New Popular Front exploited uncertainty around who would be appointed prime minister in the event of the victory of the left, warning of the threat of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's appointment given his refusal to recuse himself from the post; although on 22 June he said that he would be willing to be appointed prime minister, he claimed that he would "not impose" himself, even as numerous other potential appointees' names have circulated.[28] Other figures on the left, while reluctant to address the question of who they believed should be prime minister, were taken aback by his comments: former president François Hollande, running in Corrèze's 1st constituency, opined that Mélenchon should "keep his mouth shut," former prime minister Lionel Jospin said that he was hearing "just about everywhere, and particularly from voters of the left" that "Jean-Luc Mélenchon is not the solution," Fabien Roussel released a statement saying that "Mélenchon's nomination for the post of prime minister, [speculation about which] he himself is feeding into, has never been subject of an agreement between the forces of the Popular Front," Marine Tondelier, interviewed on LCI about Mélenchon's remarks, painted a generic portrait of the attributes of the ideal prime minister, ending with "and lastly, someone who unites."[29][30] In a pre-election Elabe poll, only 16% of respondents – including just 49% of Mélenchon's 2022 voters, 24% of supporters of green parties and 17% of Socialist Party supporters – indicated they would be supportive of his appointment as prime minister, compared to 83% against the idea.[31]

Infighting broke out into the open on 24 June, starting with PCF leader Fabien Roussel's comments in the morning, "I say this to Jean-Luc Mélenchon: no one can proclaim himself Prime Minister," to which he added that the New Popular Front needed "the most unifying personality" to lead them in the incoming National Assembly which, according to him, would clearly not be Mélenchon,[32] comments also echoed by Faure.[33] Those remarks were followed by Tondelier declaring that Mélenchon would not be prime minister, and that any prime minister would have to be chosen by consensus between the forces of the New Popular Front, but she was almost immediately rebuked by LFI national coordinator Manuel Bompard, who argued that "nobody can decide to exclude" Mélenchon.[34] In back-to-back evening interviews on France 2, Place Publique co-founder and MEP Raphaël Glucksmann (elected to the European Parliament on a joint list with the PS), echoed Tondelier's comments in declaring definitively that "Mélenchon will not be prime minister," even as Mélenchon told Hollande to "shut up" in response to his comments the previous day, complained that the speculation was due to "jealousy" of others on the left, and lamented the fact that he had to cede 100 additional constituencies to PS candidates compared to the New Ecological and Social People's Union (NUPES) in 2022 because Glucksmann's list outpolled the LFI list in the preceding European elections.[35]

Ensemble[edit]

Gabriel Attal in 2023

The Ensemble coalition of Renaissance, the Democratic Movement (MoDem), Horizons, the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), and the Radical Party was renewed after swift negotiations soon after the dissolution announcement.[36][37]

On 12 June, Macron said that he had called the election to prevent a far-right victory in the 2027 presidential election. He criticised The Republicans for its potential alliance with the RN, as well as the New Popular Front, and urged all parties "able to say no to extremes" to unite.[38] In an open letter published on 23 June, Macron wrote that he hoped that "the future government [would gather] republicans of diverse sensibilities who will be known for their courage to oppose the extremes," in a nod to the possibility of a post-election coalition.[39] Prime Minister Gabriel Attal pledged to lower electricity bills and inheritance taxes, link pensions to inflation, and provide aid to first-time property buyers.[40] Echoing the RN's proposals in response to a spate of youth violence, Attal also announced that he would seek to abolish age as a mitigating circumstance for statutory penalties by default, meaning that judges would charge lawbreaking children as adults unless they provided explanations as to why an exception should be granted. At the same time, he attacked the RN's programme of "division, hate, and stigmatisation," and said the RN's backtracking on various economic policies showed that they were "not ready to govern."[41]

Trailing in third place nationally behind the NFP and RN in pre-election polls, Macron and his allies decided to focus their attacks on the programme of the New Popular Front prior to the first round and mostly avoid direct confrontation against the RN until the second round.[42] Attal claimed that the NFP's proposal to raise the minimum wage by 14.3% to net €1,600 per month would lead to the loss of 500,000 jobs, and Minister of Finance Bruno Le Maire claimed that it would be "a catastrophe" resulting in "mass unemployment" if implemented, with the European Commission having just announced it would meet to launch the excessive deficit procedure against France.[43] Macron publicly denounced the NFP's "totally immigrationist" stance and decried proposals which would make it easier for transgender people to change their civil status by allowing them to do so at their local town hall as "completely grotesque,"[44] and his former prime minister Élisabeth Borne decried the alliance as being one of "separatist wokists who support Islamism and communitarianism" with a nonsensical programme and disastrous economic policies.[45]

A recurring theme of the Ensemble campaign was the willingness of its figureheads to draw equivalencies between the New Popular Front and National Rally. On 21 June, Macron argued that, "contrary to what some say," the left and RN are not "rampart[s] of [each] other ... there are extremes we must not allow to pass."[46] Finance minister Bruno Le Maire warned that a victory by either the far-right or the left could cause a financial crisis,[47] lambasting both of their economic platforms as "leftist projects inspired by Marxism."[48] In an interview on 24 June, Gender Equality Minister Aurore Bergé remarked that "the best rampart, particularly against the Popular Front, is not the RN, it's us," and like Macron, refused to give second-round voting instructions in support of either of "the extremes" represented by the New Popular Front and RN prior to the first round.[49] In a podcast episode released the same day, Macron warned that the "two extremes" would lead France "to civil war," whether because of the xenophobia of the RN or the communitarianism of the left.[50]

Many of Macron's closest advisors publicly expressed dismay at his decision to dissolve the National Assembly in the days after his surprise announcement. Yaël Braun-Pivet, president of the National Assembly before the dissolution, privately disagreed with the decision and attempted to dissuade him, and said she believed that a coalition was possible. Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire trashed Macron's coterie at the Élysée as "woodlice," and his former prime minister Édouard Philippe, head of the Horizons party within the Ensemble alliance, said that Macron had "killed the presidential majority" through his reckless decision.[51] Outgoing Ensemble deputies expressed exasperation with Macron, with one remarking that "I wish he'd shut up and let us get out of the mess he's gotten us into;" François Bayrou, leader of alliance member MoDem, deemed it necessary to "de-Macronise the campaign;"[52] and candidates became "fed up" with Macron's refusal to abide by his promise to stay out of the campaign.[53] As Macron's popularity ratings plunged to their lowest level ever in post-dissolution surveys, with Frédéric Dabi [fr] noting that most respondents in an Ifop-JDD survey characterised the decision as "incomprehensible," "thoughtless," or "irresponsible" and 70% in a BVA Xsight-RTL survey declaring that they did not want Macron involved in the campaign,[54][55][56] Ensemble candidates kept a local focus, with images of Macron were almost entirely absent from campaign posters: only one out of 22 government ministers' posters featured his image.[57]

The Republicans[edit]

Éric Ciotti in 2023
Main article: National Rally–The Republicans alliance crisis

The president of The Republicans, Éric Ciotti, spoke in favour of an alliance with the RN during an 11 June interview with the French channel TF1. Olivier Marleix, the head of the party in the National Assembly, called for Ciotti's resignation in response.[58] On 12 June, The Republicans' political committee voted unanimously to remove Ciotti as its president and expel him from the party. However, the latter rejected the decision, calling it "a flagrant violation of our statutes" that was illegal and void.[59] A Paris court reviewed the decision on 14 June, in which Ciotti was reinstated as party leader in the interim,[60] while Republicans in Hauts-de-Seine announced a local alliance with Renaissance.[47] On 17 June, Ciotti secured an agreement with RN to present 62 candidates, none of which are outgoing LR deputies except for himself and his close ally Christelle d'Intorni, while the national investiture committee of LR unveiled candidates in a majority of other constituencies, including all other incumbent deputies seeking re-election, as well as fielding candidates against both Ciotti and d'Intorni.[61][62][63]

With no detailed national election programme to run on, most LR candidates opted to campaign primarily on issues concerning their constituencies, rely on their strong local roots and name recognition in order to fight for their survival, and keep their distance from the drama surrounding the other three main political forces and Ciotti's alliance with the RN. Numerous incumbent LR deputies declined to feature the party's logo on their election paraphernalia, stayed out of national media, and tried to portray themselves as independent of any party, with Aurélien Pradié choosing to describe himself on leaflets as "a strong voice, a free voice,"[64] before quitting the party on 26 June, declaring in an interview with La Dépêche that "Gaullism isn't dead, it's more alive than ever, but LR is dead."[65] This reduced visibility was also the product of the highly varied circumstances of LR candidates, with 62 invested as part of the LR-RN alliance, roughly 400 invested by the party's national investiture committee, and 39 other candidates (including 26 incumbents) completely unopposed by the Ensemble coalition owing to their "constructive" alignment with Macron's policies. Even figures with a significant national profile like former party president Laurent Wauquiez, threatened by the possibility of an RN wave, sought to stay out of the national spotlight and focused on avoiding being subsumed by the tripolarisation of the electorate.[64]

National Rally[edit]

Jordan Bardella in 2022

Eight of the 30 MEPs newly-elected to the European Parliament in June 2024 decided to run in the national election. As occupying both posts is impossible, in case of victory they will be replaced with other party members further down the list.[66]

Marine Le Pen promised that the RN would form a "national unity government" should it win the election,[22] and in an interview with La Voix du Nord, she indicated she was open to the possibility of appointments for figures from the left in an RN-led government.[67] At the same time, Bardella said that he was "the only one capable of blocking Jean-Luc Mélenchon and blocking the far left" and urged "all the patriotic forces of the republic" to unite and prevent the left from winning the election. He also pledged to pass an immigration law allowing the deportation of "delinquents and Islamists" and cut energy costs as prime minister.[47] In an interview with Le Monde, Le Pen confirmed that Bardella would not seek the post of prime minister in the absence of an absolute majority.[68]

On 18 June, Bardella urged voters to give his party an "absolute majority" for it to be able to govern effectively, while pledging to cut energy taxes to 5.5% from 20%.[69] Bardella pledged to uphold French military commitments to NATO and support Ukraine, but ruled out sending long-range missiles and other weapons that could be used to strike Russian territory.[70] Due to worries about public backlash and concerns from investors, the RN softened and postponed some elements of its initial economic proposals, including the planned tax exemptions on those under 30 and abolition of the value-added tax (VAT) on 100 essential products,[71] and proposals to increase teachers' salaries were also deferred. Despite initial claims otherwise, Bardella reaffirmed on 17 June that the RN intended to repeal the 2023 pension reform and reduce the legal retirement age to 60, but only for those who started working before the age of 20.[72] In an interview with Le Journal du Dimanche published on 22 June, Bardella announced that, as prime minister, he would initiate a national budgetary audit and call a constitutional referendum to guarantee reductions in migratory flows in 2027. He also stated that he did not support Frexit and assured that, after their alliance, members of The Republicans (LR) supported jointly by Éric Ciotti and the RN would be included in his government.[73]

Bardella officially unveiled the RN's programme on 24 June, including measures to introduce mandatory sentencing, end child benefits for parents of underage repeat offenders, and sentence youth criminals to short prison sentences at closed educational centres for children. He confirmed that the RN continued to intend to abolish jus soli because "the automatic acquisition of French nationality is no longer justified in a world of 8 billion people, [with] our daily struggles of our inability to integrate and assimilate them multiplying on our soil," and expressed his desire to both "re-establish the offence of illegal stays" and to concretise these proposals in the constitution "to also make them untouchable by European or international jurisprudence" through a national referendum. In addition, he declared that he would scrutinise "spending that encourages immigration" and "certain expensive and abusive tax loopholes," and that the reversal of the 2023 pension reform would be implemented gradually, shifting the legal retirement age to 62 for those who have worked for at least 40 years. On healthcare, he suggested that he would seek to provide incentives for medical professionals to work in underserved areas, as well as to encourage retired ones to return to work.[74] Bardella also announced that the RN would reduce taxes on agriculture, privatise French national media, boost fertility rates by allowing parents to claim their first two children as a full share rather than the current half-share for the purposes of personal income tax calculations, eliminate inheritance taxes for lower-income families, continue to not recognise Palestine as a state as doing so would, in his view, be "to recognise terrorism,"[75] impose moratoriums on new wind farms and the closure of healthcare facilities, ban agricultural products which fall below standards for domestic products, and ensure that only French nationals be eligible for some security and defence jobs.[76]

Other political parties[edit]

Lutte Ouvrière campaign poster

Marion Maréchal, a far-right candidate for Reconquête in the European election, met with her aunt Marine Le Pen and Jordan Bardella, leaders of the National Rally (RN), on 10 June in order to discuss a potential far-right alliance during the legislative election.[77] After the meeting, Maréchal indicated that Bardella was opposed to an alliance with Reconquête as his party did not want to be affiliated with Reconquête party leader Éric Zemmour;[78] regardless, she announced her endorsement of the RN. On 12 June, Zemmour announced that he was expelling Maréchal from the party.[79] The party ultimately presented candidates in 330 constituencies, deciding not to run candidates in constituencies where ideologically similar candidates had the strongest chance of winning.[80]

Debout la France only contested 107 constituencies, backing candidates supported by the RN elsewhere, and party leader Nicolas Dupont-Aignan expressed his support for the alliance between Éric Ciotti and the RN.[81][82]

Trotskyist party Lutte Ouvrière presented candidates in 550 constituencies. Other parties presenting a double-digit number of candidates, according to a Le Monde analysis, include the New Anticapitalist Party with 30 candidates, Ecology at the Centre with 23 candidates, Unser Land with 14 candidates, and Résistons! with 12 candidates.[63] The Animalist Party, which was able to field candidates in 421 constituencies in 2022, announced that it would not attempt to field candidates with such short notice before the first round of the 2024 legislative election.[83]

Debates[edit]

France 3 and France Bleu announced they would organise more than 200 debates between local candidates which would be broadcast on local television and radio on three separate dates: 19 June, 26 June, and 3 July.[84]

TF1 also announced plans to hold a debate on 25 June between Gabriel Attal, Jordan Bardella, and Manuel Bompard.[85] On 22 June, Attal, taking note of three-time presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon's comments refusing to rule out the possibility that he might seek to become prime minister, challenged him to participate in the debate instead of Bompard, the national operations team coordinator of La France Insoumise,[86] a demand also echoed by Bardella, though Mélenchon declined.[87] The Republicans appealed their exclusion from the TF1 debate to the Conseil d'État, with the Regulatory Authority for Audiovisual and Digital Communication already having declined to take action,[88] though this appeal was rejected the next day, a few hours before the debate.[89]

France 2 also announced a debate on 27 June at 20:50 CEST between Attal, Bardella, and PS leader Olivier Faure, with an additional debate between the two rounds to be held on 4 July, though the participants for the latter have yet to be determined.[90]

Incidents[edit]

Raphaël Glucksmann in 2024

The campaign was marred by numerous incidents of racial and anti-Semitic abuse. On 17 June, Hanane Mansouri, LR member supported by the RN for Isère's 8th constituency, revealed that she was inundated by anti-Arab racist abuse after her candidacy was confirmed.[91] LFI candidate Yasmina Samri, running in Charente-Maritime's 1st constituency, decided to end her candidacy after receiving numerous racist insults and threats.[92] While campaigning in Marseille for the New Popular Front on 20 June, Raphaël Glucksmann, accompanied by journalist Léa Salamé, was recorded being told "shame on you as a Jew" by a voter after trying to give them a leaflet. He subsequently revealed that his cell phone number had been leaked on Telegram groups and he was now simultaneously being bombarded with hateful messages from members of the Jewish far-right – outraged at his involvement in the alliance – and those on the left who alleged he was a pro-Netanyahu Zionist on the basis of his Ashkenazic surname.[93] On 24 June, Shannon Seban, Renaissance candidate for Val-de-Marne's 10th constituency, announced that she filed a police complaint in response to a group of pro-Palestine festivalgoers screaming "get out, dirty Zionist" at her.[94] In Calvados, the campaign posters of LFI MEP-elect Emma Fourreau and 6th constituency candidate Noé Gauchard were defaced with swastikas and neo-Nazi symbols,[95] as were those for Green candidate Guillaume Hédouin in Manche's 1st constituency along with the word "Islam,"[96] while those for Pascaline Lécorché of Place Publique in Bouches-du-Rhône's 1st constituency were covered with "Hamas candidates" stickers.[97]

On 17 June, Libération reported that Marie-Christine Sorin, RN candidate for Hautes-Pyrénées's 1st constituency, made a tweet in January saying "No, not all civilizations are equal ... [some] have just stayed below bestiality in the evolutionary chain."[98] The RN initially suspended their support for Joseph Martin, candidate for Morbihan's 1st constituency, after the discovery of a 2018 tweet reading "Gas brought justice to the victims of the Holocaust,"[99] but reinstated him after he explained that he meant it as an allusion to the death of Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson the day prior.[100] On 19 June, the pro-Ciotti faction of LR withdrew their support for Louis-Joseph Pecher, jointly supported by the RN in Meurthe-et-Moselle's 5th constituency, due to his history of "anti-Semitic, homophobic and odious remarks."[101] Another pro-Ciotti LR candidate supported by the RN, Gilles Bourdouleix, was previously convicted for condoning crimes against humanity in 2014 for saying that "Hitler didn't kill enough" Romani people, though his sentence was suspended on the basis that he never intended for his remarks to be made public.[102] On 25 June, Pascal Schneider, mayor of Neuves-Maisons, filed a complaint with the public prosecutor against Pierre-Nicolas Nups, candidate of the Party of France in Meurthe-et-Moselle's 5th constituency, for electoral posters featuring a young white boy with blue eyes and blonde hair reading "Let's give white children a future."[103] On 26 June, Thierry Dussud of the RN, substitute for the Ciotti-aligned LR candidate supported by the RN in Ardèche's 2nd constituency, Vincent Trébuchet, announced that he would quit after racist and anti-Semitic posts he made resurfaced, including one in which he declared "let's give the Africans back to Africa."[104]

Several candidates also reported attacks against them and activists supporting them over the course of the campaign. Florian Chauche, LFI candidate and incumbent deputy for Territoire de Belfort's 2nd constituency, decried physical attacks and the usage of racist slurs against his supporters on 17 June.[105] On 20 June, Hervé Breuil, RN candidate for Loire's 2nd constituency, alleged that a group of masked individuals struck him from behind and pelted him with rotten fruit while hurling verbal abuse at him.[106] On 23 June, numerous left-wing activists (for EELV candidate Céline Papin in Gironde's 1st constituency, EELV candidate and outgoing deputy Sabrina Sebaihi in Hauts-de-Seine's 4th constituency, and PS candidate Joao Martins Pereira in Val-de-Marne's 8th constituency) reported being assaulted and threatened by supporters of the far-right.[107] Séverine Vézies, LFI candidate for Doubs's 1st constituency, claimed that a self-proclaimed RN supporter attempted to strike a man in his 80s with a broomstick while putting up a campaign poster for her on 25 June.[108]

Many candidates also reported receiving death threats both online and in real life. On 15 June, Jean-Jacques Gaultier, LR candidate for Vosges's 4th constituency, reported receiving a death threat via post.[109] On 19 June, Elsa Richard, EELV candidate for Maine-et-Loire's 1st constituency, reported messages from people threatening to behead her in front of her house to the police.[110] On 21 June, Pierre Morel-À-L'Huissier, miscellaneous centre candidate and outgoing deputy for Lozère's constituency, filed a police complaint after discovering a large tag with a death threat against him in Gorges du Tarn Causses.[111][63] After being targeted by extensive harassment and numerous death threats on social media, Ethan Leys, RN candidate for Nord's 8th constituency, filed a police complaint and suspended in-person campaign activities.[112]

In addition, Alice Cordier, head of the feminist and identitarian group Collectif Némésis, filed a complaint for death threats recorded on 16 October 2023 made against her by Raphaël Arnault, La France Insoumise candidate in Vaucluse's 1st constituency and a spokesperson for the Jeune Garde Antifasciste with several "S cards," which have often been applied to individuals considered potential threats to national security.[113]

Electoral system[edit]

The 577 members of the National Assembly, known as deputies, are elected for five years by a two-round system in single-member constituencies. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of valid votes and a vote total greater than 25% of the registered electorate is elected in the first round. If no candidate reaches this threshold, a runoff election is held between the top two candidates plus any other candidate who received a vote total greater than 12.5% of registered voters. The candidate who receives the most votes in the second round is elected.[114]

A consequence of the 12.5% threshold is the potential for three-way runoffs, also referred to as triangulaires, in a greater number of constituencies in the second round in the event of higher turnout and diminished number of candidates, as is anticipated to be the case in 2024 relative to previous legislative elections. Such a dynamic reinforces the likelihood that higher turnout becomes an advantage for the National Rally, which received a clear plurality of the vote in pre-first round polls and as a result would be expected to win a greater share of seats due to the increased number of three-way races in the second round.[115]

Deputies not running for re-election[edit]

Deputy Seat First elected Party Ref.
Frédéric Mathieu Ille-et-Vilaine's 1st constituency 2022 LFI [116]
Adrien Quatennens Nord's 1st constituency 2017 LFI [117]
Éric Alauzet Doubs's 2nd constituency 2012 RE-TdP [118]
Christine Decodts Nord's 13th constituency 2022 RE-DVC [119]
Olivier Dussopt Ardèche's 2nd constituency 2022 RE-TdP [120]
Joël Giraud Hautes-Alpes's 2nd constituency 2022 PRV [121]
Yannick Haury Loire-Atlantique's 9th constituency 2017 RE [122]
Alexandre Holroyd Third constituency for French residents overseas 2017 RE [123]
Fabrice Le Vigoureux Calvados's 1st constituency 2017 RE [124]
Jean-François Lovisolo [fr] Vaucluse's 5th constituency 2022 RE [125]
Jacqueline Maquet Pas-de-Calais's 2nd constituency 2012 RE [126]
Emmanuel Pellerin [fr] Hauts-de-Seine's 9th constituency 2022 RE [127]
Patrice Perrot Nièvre's 2nd constituency 2017 RE-TdP [128]
Philippe Berta Gard's 6th constituency 2017 MoDem [129]
Jean-Louis Bourlanges Hauts-de-Seine's 12th constituency 2017 MoDem [130]
Vincent Bru Pyrénées-Atlantiques's 6th constituency 2017 MoDem [131]
Guy Bricout Nord's 18th constituency 2012 UDI [132]
Béatrice Descamps Nord's 21st constituency 2017 PRV [133]
Luc Lamirault Eure-et-Loir's 3rd constituency 2021 HOR [134]
Marc Le Fur Côtes-d'Armor's 3rd constituency 2002 LR [135]
Isabelle Valentin Haute-Loire's 1st constituency 2017 LR [136]
Julien Bayou Paris's 5th constituency 2022 Ex-EÉLV [137]
Hubert Julien-Laferrière Rhône's 2nd constituency 2017 Ex-GÉ [138]

Political parties and coalitions[edit]

Below are the major parties and alliances (including any primary components with candidates in at least 3 constituencies) contesting the elections in a majority (289 or more as tallied by Le Monde) of constituencies, listed by their combined results in the previous elections.[63]

Due to the suddenness of the dissolution, significantly fewer candidates will compete in the legislative elections in 2024 compared to previous years, with only 4,010 candidates in 577 constituencies (the lowest figure since the 1988 election). The decline is also explained by both national and local alliances as well as the absence of candidates in some constituencies in order to support other ideologically-aligned candidates. Smaller parties were the most significantly affected (such as the Animalist Party, which presented 421 candidates and received 1.1% of the vote in 2022 but announced it would not present candidates in 2024) due to their inability to negotiate alliances with larger parties and identify candidates in the majority of constituencies with such short notice.[83][63]

Party or alliance Leader Main ideology Position Seats before election Status
Ensemble Renaissance and allies Stéphane Séjourné Liberalism Centre
164 / 577
 Government[c]
Democratic Movement[d] François Bayrou Liberalism Centre to centre-right
47 / 577
Horizons[e] Édouard Philippe Liberal conservatism Centre-right
31 / 577
Radical Party[f] Laurent Hénart Liberalism Centre
4 / 577
Union of Democrats and Independents[g] Hervé Marseille Liberalism Centre to centre-right
3 / 577
New Popular Front[h] La France Insoumise and allies[i][j] Manuel Bompard Democratic socialism Left-wing
76 / 577
 Opposition
Socialist Party and allies[k][l] Olivier Faure Social democracy Centre-left
31 / 577
The Ecologists and allies[i][m] Marine Tondelier Green politics Centre-left to left-wing
23 / 577
French Communist Party and allies[n] Fabien Roussel Communism Left-wing to far-left
19 / 577
National Rally and allies[o][a] Jordan Bardella Right-wing populism Far-right
89 / 577
The Republicans[a]
Liberal conservatism Centre-right to right-wing
54 / 577
Reconquête[p] Éric Zemmour National conservatism Far-right
0 / 577
Lutte Ouvrière[q] Collective leadership Trotskyism Far-left
0 / 577
Others/Independents —
36 / 577
 —

Opinion polls[edit]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2024 French legislative election

Graphical summary[edit]

Results[edit]

First round[edit]

Prior to the first round in an interview with Cyril Hanouna on Europe 1 on 24 June, Gender Equality Minister Aurore Bergé, like Emmanuel Macron, declined to specify second-round voting instructions between either the New Popular Front (NFP) and National Rally (RN) while also implying that any such discussions would not take place until after the first round.[145][49] Both of Renaissance's alliance partners' leaders, François Bayrou of the Democratic Movement (MoDem) and Édouard Philippe of Horizons, also refused to declined to address the issue, with allies of Macron reportedly divided on this question.[146] On the afternoon of 25 June, Macron and the leaders of Renaissance, MoDem, Horizons, the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI), the Radical Party, and several other members of his coterie met to discuss the matter, with a general consensus emerging among participants to call to block the RN and LFI candidates in the second round and withdraw as necessary, though no decision was reached by the end of the meeting.[37]

Marine Tondelier, leader of The Ecologists, announced in an interview the same day that candidates from her party would withdraw if they were eligible to advance to the second round but finished in third place,[147] a view also shared by Raphaël Glucksmann of Place Publique.[148] La France Insoumise (LFI) Member of European Parliament Manon Aubry, for her part, said that the decisions of LFI candidates in three-way races would be made on a "case by case" basis.[149] Socialist Party leader Olivier Faure, along with Glucksmann, Tondelier, and two government ministers (Clément Beaune and Agnès Pannier-Runacher) signed onto an open letter published in Le Monde on 25 June pushing for all parties facing to reach an agreement to withdraw candidates in order to block the RN, though no La France Insoumise personalities signed onto the letter.[150]

While he was opposed to the prospect of alliance between The Republicans (LR) and the National Rally, LR vice president François-Xavier Bellamy declared that he would support candidates of the RN against those of the NFP in the second round, even in the case that they were not LFI candidates.[151] In an interview on 26 June, Julien Aubert declared that he would vote for any candidate against the RN in most cases, but would vote for the them if faced with a LFI candidate.[152]

National results[edit]

Results listed below correspond to the groupings created by the Ministry of the Interior, which may differ slightly from the figures reported in other sources due to reclassification of candidates into different political parties and alliances. Differences noted in the footnotes of the national results table below reflect political parties and alliances attributed to candidates by Le Monde. The Ministry of the Interior classifications generally include fewer candidates within the groupings for Ensemble, the New Popular Front, and The Republicans when compared with Le Monde and other media outlets which opt to not use the Ministry of the Interior's candidate classifications; as a result, the official vote and seat totals listed below may be lower than the ones reported in those sources.[153][63]

Summary of the 30 June–7 July 2024 French National Assembly election results
Party or allianceFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Ensemble[r]
New Popular Front[s]
National Rally and alliesNational Rally
Union of the far right[t]
Total–
The Republicans[u]
Reconquête
Miscellaneous left[v]
Ecologists[w]
Miscellaneous right[x]
Regionalists[y]
Miscellaneous centre[z]
Miscellaneous far-left[aa]
Sovereignist right[ab]
Miscellaneous[ac]
Radical Party of the Left[ad]
Miscellaneous far-right[ae]
Total
Registered voters/turnout49,339,714–49,339,714–
Source: Ministry of the Interior[153]
Popular vote (first round)
ENS[r]
 
 0.00%
NFP[s]
 
 0.00%
RN/UXD[t]
 
 0.00%
LR[u]
 
 0.00%
REC
 
 0.00%
DVG
 
 0.00%
ECO
 
 0.00%
DVD
 
 0.00%
REG
 
 0.00%
DVC
 
 0.00%
EXG
 
 0.00%
DSV
 
 0.00%
DIV
 
 0.00%
RDG
 
 0.00%
EXD
 
 0.00%
Seats
ENS[r]
 
 0.00%
NFP[s]
 
 0.00%
RN/UXD[t]
 
 0.00%
LR[u]
 
 0.00%
REC
 
 0.00%
DVG
 
 0.00%
ECO
 
 0.00%
DVD
 
 0.00%
REG
 
 0.00%
DVC
 
 0.00%
EXG
 
 0.00%
DSV
 
 0.00%
DIV
 
 0.00%
RDG
 
 0.00%
EXD
 
 0.00%

Results by constituency[edit]

Results listed below are according to the Ministry of the Interior, with some more specific parties for newly elected deputies listed in accordance with research by Le Monde (or other sources, where noted). Asterisks (*) indicate incumbents not running for re-election.[153][63]

Electorate[edit]

First round[edit]

Sociology of the electorate
Demographic EXG NFP DVG ENS DVC LR DVD/DSV RN REC Others Turnout
Total vote
First-round vote in the 2022 presidential election
Jean-Luc Mélenchon
Fabien Roussel
Yannick Jadot
Anne Hidalgo
Emmanuel Macron
Valérie Pécresse
Marine Le Pen
Éric Zemmour
Nicolas Dupont-Aignan
Jean Lassalle
Party vote in the 2024 European Parliament election
LFI
PCF
LE
PS/PP
ENS
LR
RN
REC
Political party affiliation
LFI
PCF
PS
LE
LFI/PCF/PS/LE subtotal
RE/MoDem/Horizons
LR
Reconquête
RN
None
Moment of choice of vote
In the last few weeks
In the last few days
Just before the weekend
Weekend of the election
Opinion of Emmanuel Macron
Like actions and personality
Like actions only
Like personality only
Like neither
Like actions subtotal
Dislike actions subtotal
Like personality subtotal
Dislike personality subtotal
Sex
Men
Women
Age
18–24 years old
25–34 years old
35–49 years old
50–59 years old
60–69 years old
70 or older
Socio-occupational classification
Manager/professional
Intermediate occupation
White-collar worker
Blue-collar worker
Retired
(Retired, higher profession)
(Retired, lower profession)
Employment status
Employee
(Private employee)
(Public employee)
Self-employed
Unemployed
Education
Less than baccalauréat
Baccalauréat
Bac +2
At least bac +3
Monthly household income
Less than €1,250
€1,250 to €2,000
€2,000 to €3,000
More than €3,000
Agglomeration
Fewer than 2,000 inhabitants
2,000 to 9,999 inhabitants
10,000 to 49,000 inhabitants
50,000 to 199,999 inhabitants
200,000 or more inhabitants
Religion
Catholic
(Regular practitioner)
(Occasional practitioner)
(Non-practitioner)
None
Life satisfaction
Very satisfied
Rather satisfied
Rather not satisfied
Not at all satisfied
Satisfied subtotal
Not satisfied subtotal
Social background
Disadvantaged
Working class
Lower middle class
Upper middle class
Upper class
Financial situation
Saves a lot
Saves a little
Just about covers budget
Lives on savings/In debt
Demographic Turnout
EXG NFP DVG ENS DVC LR DVD/DSV RN REC Others
Sociology of the electorate
Source: Ipsos France

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Seat totals account for the Ciotti–RN alliance (UXD) and totals attributed to LR are solely for candidates presented by the national investiture committee of The Republicans (French: commission nationale d'investiture des Républicains). Current totals account for Ciotti and Christelle d'Intorni running as candidates in their constituencies in alliance with the RN without the endorsement of the national investiture committee of The Republicans.[62]
  2. ^ a b Éric Ciotti is de jure The Republicans (LR) party leader but presenting a rival set of candidates in alliance with the National Rally (RN) against candidates selected by the national investiture committee of The Republicans (French: commission nationale d'investiture des Républicains). Annie Genevard and François-Xavier Bellamy were installed as interim party presidents before Ciotti's reinstatement as president and party member.[144][62]
  3. ^ Excluding UDI, who announced their participation in the alliance for the legislative elections on 13 June 2024[139]
  4. ^ Includes 78 candidates, also presenting 1 candidate against official Ensemble candidates[63]
  5. ^ Includes 77 candidates[63]
  6. ^ Includes 3 candidates, also presenting 1 candidate against official Ensemble candidates[63]
  7. ^ Includes 11 candidates, also presenting 27 candidates against official Ensemble candidates[63]
  8. ^ Also includes one candidate each for the New Anticapitalist Party (29 candidates invested outside of the framework of the NFP) and abertzale, as well as several other candidates not part of any political party[63][140]
  9. ^ a b Also presenting 1 candidate against official New Popular Front candidates[63]
  10. ^ Includes five candidates for Ecological Revolution for the Living (Aymeric Caron, Laura Vallée-Hans, Victor Prandt, Jade Beniguel, Leslie Mortreux);[141] two candidates each for Péyi-A (excluding one attached candidate and one candidate invested outside the framework of the NFP) and Rézistans Égalité 974; and one candidate each for Picardie Debout, the Independent Workers' Party, and the Ecosocialist Left [fr][142][63][140]
  11. ^ Also presenting 6 candidates against official New Popular Front candidates[63]
  12. ^ Includes eight candidates for Place Publique (Pascaline Lécorché, Alain Roubian, Aurélien Rousseau, Yves Trousselle, Raphaël Pitti, Théa Fourdrinier, Sarah Breffy, and Guillaume Sacriste)[143] and one each candidate for Le Progrès and the Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe[142][63]
  13. ^ Includes 12 candidates from Génération.s and one candidate from Ecology Generation[140]
  14. ^ Includes three candidates of For Réunion (PLR): Karine Lebon, Alexis Chaussalet, and Frédéric Maillot;[142] two candidates for Tāvini Huiraʻatira (one candidate invested outside the framework of the New Popular Front); and one candidate for the Republican and Socialist Left (one candidate invested outside the framework of the New Popular Front)[63][140]
  15. ^ Includes candidates jointly backed by the Ciotti-led The Republicans faction. The right-wing populist party Debout la France will present its own candidates in only 76 constituencies as classified by Le Monde (although the party officially claims to have 107 candidates), including against RN candidates, and will simultaneously support RN-backed candidates in other constituencies[63][81][82]
  16. ^ Candidates invested in 329 (57.0%) constituencies according to the classification of Le Monde, although the party officially claims to have invested candidates in 330 (57.2%) constituencies[63][80]
  17. ^ Candidates invested in 550 (95.3%) constituencies[63]
  18. ^ a b c Vote and seat calculations include the following codes assigned by the Ministry of the Interior: ENS, REN, MDM, HOR, and UDI. The Ministry of Interior will not report fully disaggregated results by alliance member, and the codes REN and MDM are not applied to any candidates.[63][153]
  19. ^ a b c Vote and seat calculations include the following codes assigned by the Ministry of the Interior: UG, FI, SOC, VEC, and COM. The Ministry of Interior will not report fully disaggregated results by alliance member, with the latter 4 codes only assigned to 11 candidates in total, largely running in either Corsica or overseas France.[63][153]
  20. ^ a b c The designation "union of the far-right" (French: union de l'extrême droite, UXD) is used by the Ministry of the Interior to refer to candidates jointly invested by the Ciotti-led faction of The Republicans and supported by the National Rally[154][63]
  21. ^ a b c Vote and seat totals corresponding to LR candidates invested by the national investiture committee of The Republicans (French: commission nationale d'investiture des Républicains), including some directly in opposition to Ciotti himself and other candidates presented by his alliance with the RN in certain constituencies.[62]
  22. ^ Includes 9 NFP candidates, 1 Ensemble candidate, 11 dissident NFP candidates, and 1 non-NFP candidate from a NFP member party out of 140 total candidates[63]
  23. ^ Includes 19 of 23 Ecology at the Centre candidates, 2 non-Ensemble Union of Democrats and Independents candidates out of 38 total candidates, 1 non-NFP candidate from a NFP member party, and 1 NFP candidate out of 144 total candidates[63]
  24. ^ Includes 37 LR candidates, 5 Ensemble candidates, 3 union of the far-right candidates, 2 dissident LR candidates, 1 non-Ensemble MoDem candidate, 1 non-Ensemble UDI candidate, and 1 dissident Ensemble candidate out of 190 total candidates[63]
  25. ^ Includes 14 Unser Land candidates, 3 Femu a Corsica candidates, 3 Occitan Party candidates, 3 of 13 Résistons ! candidates, 3 Tāvini Huiraʻatira candidates (of which 2 are NFP candidates), 2 other NFP candidates, and 2 Party of the Corsican Nation candidates out of 132 total candidates[63]
  26. ^ Includes 8 Ensemble candidates, 13 non-Ensemble Union of Democrats and Independents candidates of 38 total UDI candidates, 5 of 7 Les Centristes candidates, 2 LR candidates, 1 non-Ensemble Radical Party candidate, and 1 Ensemble dissident out of 149 total candidates[63]
  27. ^ Includes 549 of 550 Lutte Ouvrière candidates, 29 of 30 New Anticapitalist Party candidates, and 1 NFP dissident out of 654 total candidates[63]
  28. ^ Includes 74 of 76 Debout la France candidates classified by Le Monde (although the party officially claims to have 107 candidates) out of 114 total sovereignist right candidates, with DLF officially backing RN candidates in a majority of constituencies[63][81][82]
  29. ^ Includes 1 Ensemble candidate, 1 LR candidate, and 1 NFP dissident out of 215 total candidates[63]
  30. ^ The Radical Party of the Left, abbreviated PRG (not to be confused with the Radicals of the Left, French: les Radicaux de gauche, abbreviated LRDG but not related to the code RDG assigned to the PRG), is not officially a member or supporter of the NFP, but supports a left-of-centre coalition and primarily left-of-centre candidates. This code corresponding to the PRG, RDG, has only been assigned to 4 candidates by the Ministry of the Interior, including 1 Ensemble candidate.[63][155]
  31. ^ Includes 3 RN and 2 Reconquête candidates out of 23 total candidates[63]

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